MOTTE-AND-BAILEY
STONE KEEP CASTLE
CONCENTRIC CASTLE
THE MEDIEVAL CASTLE
NAMES, TERMS, DATES
Names, terms and dates – The Tudors
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THE TUDORS |
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| King Henry VII (1485 – 1509) | the first Tudor king who won the final battle of the War of Roses; he was a powerful monarch who saved a lot of money for Britain in the treasury |
| treasury, the | a place used for storing the money of the monarchs or the Church |
| King Henry VIII (1509 – 1547) | he had 6 wives and 3 legitimate children; he liked sports like hunting, jousting and tennis; he sang, played music and composed songs; he built a strong navy for Britain as well as palaces;
he founded the Church of England |
| King Edward VI (1547 – 1553) | son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour; he was a boy king and died at the age of 15; a protestant |
| Lady Jane Grey | was queen for 9 days until Mary, daughter of Henry VIII came and put her in prison |
| Queen Mary I (1553 – 1558) | daughter of Henry VIII and first wife Catherine of Aragon ;a Roman Catholic; made England catholic again and she ordered to execute protestants (ß nickname: Bloody Mary); she was very unpopular when she got married to the King of Spain |
| Queen Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) | daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; a powerful and strict monarch who made England protestant again; she sent explorers to find new lands for the British Empire; nickname: the Virgin Queen; she won battles against the Spanish Armada on the sea |
| gentry, the | people from high social class |
| yeoman, a | a man who owned and land and also worked on it |
| jousting | knights riding horses and fighting with a lance |
| falconry | hunting with falcons or hawks |
| Pastime with Good Company | a song composed by Henry VIII, named as The King’s Ballad |
| petty school | a school for young boys, like a nursery or kindergarten |
| illiterate | unable to read and write |
| galleon, a | a ship with sails for fighting and carrying goods |
| Renaissance, the | period in Europe btw. 14th and 17th centuries, where people got interested in ancient Greece and Rome again which produced new developments in arts: literature, music, painting and architecture |
| curfew, a | when people mustn’t go out to the street at night |
| flogging | a type of punishment when people were whipped and hit by sticks |
| pillory, the | a type of punishment; a wooden frame on a pole with holes through which a person’s head and hands were placed |
| stock, the | a type of punishment; a wooden frame with holes through which a person’s feet was put |
Names, terms, dates: By the river Thames
Read and listen to Chapter 5 from the London book.
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CHAPTER 5 – By the river |
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| River Thames, the | the longest river in England and the second longest in the UK; it rises in Cotswold Hills in Gloucestershire and flows into the North Sea; it is 346 km long; it has been an important route for trade and transport since Prehistoric times |
| Globe Theatre, the | the first one was built at the time of Queen Elizabeth I to show Shakespeare’s plays; the newest opened in 1997 to show the Elizabethan theatre at an interactive lesson and exhibition |
| William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) | the greatest English poet and playwright; he was born in Stratford-upon—von; from 1585-1592 he worked as an actor and playwright in London and he owned a company called the King’s Men; he wrote tragedies and comedies, the most famous works: Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer night’s Dream; Hamlet |
| Tate Modern, the | an art gallery to show the 20th and 21st century art in its 88 exhibition rooms |
| Millennium (Foot)Bridge, the | it is a steel suspension bridge for pedestrians only over the River Thames that connects the Globe with St Paul’s, designed for the Millennium, opened in 2000 and reopened after reconstruction in 2002 |
| London Eye, the | a giant Ferris wheel of 135 m high by Westminster Bridge; it can carry 800 passengers in a thirty-minute ride |
| Canary Wharf | it is a complex of office buildings by the River Thames towards Greenwich |
| Docklands, the | a dockland is a port / harbour area where cargo ships (vessels) can stay and leave their goods; in London it was once the biggest port area; today it is re-developed and offices and apartment buildings are built here |
| Thames Barrier, the | a flood defence mechanism and machinery to prevent London from tidal floods opened in 1984; |
Names, terms and dates: the Anglo-Saxon Times, the Viking invasion and the Medieval Times
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AFTER ROMAN LONDON UNTIL THE GREAT FIRE |
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| Angles, Saxons, Jutes | people who came to Britain from Germany, Holland and Denmark |
| October 14th, 1066 | the Battle of Hastings won by William the Conqueror of Normandy |
| William the Conqueror of Normandy (King William I; The Norman; 1066-1087) | defeated Danish King Harold at the battle of Hastings in 1066 |
| Vikings, the | violent and warrior people from Scandinavia (northern Europe, todays Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark) who sailed along the coast and burnt down a lot of towns |
| King Canute (or Cnut; House of Denmark; 1016-1035) | he made peace in London by uniting Danish and Norwegian Vikings |
| Edward the Confessor (H. of Wessex; 1042-1066) | a kind, warm-hearted person who he began the construction of Westminster Abbey; he promised the throne to his cousin William of Normandy |
| Danelaw (Danelagh) | historical name, that part of England in the 9th-11th century where the laws of Denmark and the Danish King ruled (from the Scottish border down to London) |
| Harold (H. of Wessex; from 6 Jan to 14 Oct 1066) | son of Godvin, Earl of Wessex; after the death of Edward the Confessor the Witan chose him to become the king |
| Witan, the | an Anglo-Saxon council made up of noblemen, lords, knights and bishops that gave advice to the English king in everyday matters |
| port, a | a town / city with an area of water where ships stop (= harbour / port), including the buildings around it |
| settler, a | someone who goes to live in a place where not many people live, and starts to make it into a community |
| invader, an | people, army etc that uses force (sometimes violence) to enter another country; e.g.: the Anglo-Saxons were invaders |
| explorer, an | someone who travels to a place that other people don’t know much about in order to find out what is there |
| Mercia | a kingdom in the Anglo-Saxon times |
| Medieval (also Norman) London | the history of London from 1066 (William I) to 1485 (Henry VII, a Tudor) |
| Northumbria | a kingdom in north-east England and south-east Scotland in the 7th-10th centuries |
| guild, a | a powerful group made up by craftsmen and tradesmen |
| apprentice, an | a 11-12-year-old boy who began his education at a guild |
| journeyman, a | a 13-14-yearl old boy who after being an apprentice went to other guilds around the country to get more knowledge and skills |
| coat-of-arms, a | a symbol of e.g. a country; a noble family; a guild etc. |
Names, terms, dates 3 – The Great Fire of London
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THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON |
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| Plague, the | and epidemic that killed lots of people around Europe from the 14th to the 17th century |
| Pudding Lane | the Great Fire of London started here in a bakery |
| London Bridge | 1 Old (Medieval) London Bridge was opened in 1209. It took 33 years to build. There were high houses o the bridge, and a drawbridge in the centre to let tall ships pass through. 2 New London Bridge was opened in 1831, it was the busiest bridge in London in the 19th century. 3 Modern London Bridge: it wa opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1973. It connects the City and Southwark in central London. |
| King Charles II (Stewart, 1660-1685) | He became king in 1660, after Britain was a republic for 11 years (1649-60; led by Oliver Cromwell and Richard Cromwell). In Charles II’s reign occurred the Plague, the Fire of London and the Dutch Wars. On his death-bed he turned into a Roman Catholic from Anglican Protestant. |
| Thomas Farynor (/ Farriner) | King Charles II’s baker, the Great Fire of London started in his bakery. |
| Samuel Pepys | A diary writer whose diary was important to get details about the Great Fire of London. It was said that he buried his best quality cheese and wine before he escaped from the fire. |
| Duke of York, the | A title of nobility (like the Prince of Wales, Duke of Conwall etc.). It is usually given to the second-born son of the current British monarch. Present Duke of York is *HRH Prince Andrew.
(*HRH: His Royal Highness) |
| St Paul’s Cathedral | the most important cathedral in London, a new St Paul’s was built after the Great Fire of London |
| Christopher Wren, Sir | An architect in the 17th century, he designed and rebuilt 52 churches after the Great Fire of London, including his masterpiece, St Paul’s Cathedral. He died at the age of 91. |
| Monument, the | built in the City near Pudding Lane, it is 62 m high (202 feet), the exact distance from its base and the bakery where the fire started |
Names, terms, dates 2
Names, terms and dates from Chapter 7.
Liste to the audio recording of Chapter 7.
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Chapter 7 – MORE MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES |
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| British Museum, the | the oldest museum in the world, visitors will see the works of man from prehistoric to modern times from around the world; Most famous objects include: the Rosetta Stone, Parthenon sculptures, Egyptian mummies and the Portland Vase |
| Museum of London, the | you can learn about London and its people from earliest times |
| Natural History Museum, the | you can learn about our planet, our world, the people, animals and plants in it |
| Charles Dickens | one of the most famous writers of England who wrote his novels in Victorian times; most famous Dickens characters are: Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Nicholas Nickleby |
| Arthur Conan Doyle, Sir | English writer whose popular characters were Sherlock Holmes, the clever detective and his friend, Watson |
| 10 Baker Street | the house where Sherlock Holmes lived in Doyle’s novels; nowadays it hosts The Sherlock Holmes Museum |
| Covent Garden | once it was the place for the largest English market; nowadays there are shops, market stalls and street artists there; Covent Garden is home for The London Transport Museum and The Royal Opera House |
| Tate Britain | the home of British art from 1500 to present |
| dungeon, a | a dark cellar room in a castle used as a prison in the past |
| chamber, a | a large room in a building used for meetings; old word for a private room (or bedroom) |
Names, terms, dates 1
Names, terms and dates from CHAPTER 1
Listen to the audio recording of Chapter 1.
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Chapter 1 – A GREAT CITY |
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| Queen Elizabeth the Second | current British monarch |
| Londinium | London’s Roman name |
| AD 43 | the year the Romans came to England |
| Angles, Saxons, Jutes | people who came to Britain from Germany, Holland and Denmark |
| October 14th, 1066 | the Battle of Hastings won by William the Conqueror of Normandy |
| William the Conqueror of Normandy (King William I; The Norman; 1066-1087) | defeated Danish King Harold at the battle of Hastings in 1066 |
| Henry VIII (The Tudors; 1509-1547) | the second Tudor Monarch, on throne from 1509 to 1547; had 6 wives |
| Elizabeth I (The Tudors; 1558-1603) | King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn’s daughter; during her reign great explorers discovered a lot of new lands and Shakespeare wrote many of his plays |
| Plague, the | and epidemic that killed lots of people around Europe from the 14th to the 17th century |
| 1665 | the Year of the Great Plague |
| 1666 | the Great fire of London |
| Pudding Lane | the Great Fire of London started here in a bakery |
| St Paul’s Cathedral | the most important cathedral in London, a new St Paul’s was built after the Great Fire of London |
| Queen Victoria (Hanoverian, 1837-1901) | had nine children; she ordered to build the Royal Albert Hall in the remembrance of her husband Albert who died |
| 1851 | the year of the Great Exhibition in London |
| Hyde Park | the largest park in London |
| Tube, the | London’s underground network, the first line was opened in 1863 (the Metropolitan line) |
| 1939-1945 | the Second World War |
GREAT BRITANNIA 